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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ β?SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES FROM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ ∧xsummary of lecture on January 30, 1980


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αAbstract:␈↓␈α∩The␈α∩real␈α∩"computer␈α∩revolution"␈α∩hasn't␈α∩happened␈α∩yet,␈α∩because␈α∩people␈α∩don't␈α∪yet␈α∩use
␈↓ α∧␈↓computers␈αin␈αtheir␈αdaily␈αlives.␈α
 When␈αmost␈αpeople␈αhave␈α␈↓↓home␈↓␈α
␈↓↓computer␈↓␈α␈↓↓terminals␈↓␈αwith␈αaccess␈αto␈α
all
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈αworld's␈αpublic␈αinformation,␈αit␈αwill␈αrevolutionize␈αthe␈αway␈αwe␈αconduct␈αour␈αpersonal␈αbusiness,␈α
the
␈↓ α∧␈↓way␈αwe␈αlearn␈αnew␈αskills,␈αthe␈αway␈αwe␈αread,␈αthe␈αway␈αinformation␈αis␈αpublished␈αand␈αsold,␈αthe␈αconduct
␈↓ α∧␈↓of political and other controversy, and how we decide what to buy.

␈↓ α∧␈↓1. Development of time-sharing computer systems

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTVon␈αNeumann's␈α1946␈αreport␈αproposing␈αthe␈αdevelopment␈αof␈αa␈αcomputer␈αundertook␈αto␈αprove
␈↓ α∧␈↓that␈α⊂there␈α⊂were␈α∂enough␈α⊂scientific␈α⊂and␈α⊂engineering␈α∂problems␈α⊂to␈α⊂justify␈α∂at␈α⊂least␈α⊂one␈α⊂high␈α∂speed
␈↓ α∧␈↓electronic␈α
computer.␈α In␈α
order␈α
to␈αdo␈α
this,␈αhe␈α
outlined␈α
programs␈αfor␈α
enough␈αproblems␈α
to␈α
keep␈αthe
␈↓ α∧␈↓computer␈α⊂busy.␈α⊂ It␈α⊂was␈α⊂expected␈α⊂that␈α⊃after␈α⊂the␈α⊂programs␈α⊂were␈α⊂debugged,␈α⊂the␈α⊃computer␈α⊂would
␈↓ α∧␈↓spend␈αits␈αtime␈αalmost␈αall␈αthe␈αtime␈αcomputing␈αaway␈αwith␈αoccasional␈αoutput␈αon␈αa␈αprimitive␈αnumeric
␈↓ α∧␈↓printer.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α
first␈αcommercial␈α
computers␈α
worked␈αfrom␈α
cards␈α
punched␈αwith␈α
transactions␈αand␈α
magnetic
␈↓ α∧␈↓tapes␈αcontaining␈αrecords.␈α For␈αexample,␈αa␈αcompany␈αwould␈αkeep␈αits␈αaccounts␈αon␈αmagnetic␈αtape␈αand
␈↓ α∧␈↓would␈αpunch␈αeach␈αweek's␈αcustomer␈αpurchases␈αand␈αaccount␈αpayments␈αon␈αcards.␈α The␈αcomputer␈αrun
␈↓ α∧␈↓would␈αprint␈αreports␈αand␈αbills␈αand␈αupdate␈αthe␈αstatus␈αof␈αthe␈αaccounts.␈α Much␈αcommercial␈α
computing
␈↓ α∧␈↓is still done this way.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIn␈αthe␈α
late␈αfifties,␈αtime-sharing␈α
systems␈αwere␈α
proposed␈αin␈αwhich␈α
each␈αcomputer␈α
user␈αwould
␈↓ α∧␈↓have␈α⊂a␈α⊂display␈α∂terminal␈α⊂on␈α⊂his␈α∂desk␈α⊂and␈α⊂perhaps␈α∂another␈α⊂at␈α⊂home.␈α∂ The␈α⊂computer␈α⊂would␈α∂be
␈↓ α∧␈↓interrupted␈α∃whenever␈α∃someone␈α∀hit␈α∃a␈α∃key␈α∀and␈α∃would␈α∃cycle␈α∀its␈α∃computing␈α∃among␈α∃the␈α∀users
␈↓ α∧␈↓demanding␈αservice␈αin␈αa␈αround␈αrobin.␈α It␈αwas␈αenvisaged␈αthat␈αa␈αcomputer␈αcould␈αprovide␈αinteractive
␈↓ α∧␈↓service to hundreds of users.  Also the applications were different.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTA␈α⊂major␈α⊂impetus␈α⊂was␈α⊂artificial␈α⊂intelligence␈α⊂research␈α⊂which␈α⊂required␈α⊂that␈α⊂a␈α⊂user␈α∂interact
␈↓ α∧␈↓actively␈α∂with␈α∂a␈α∂program␈α∂he␈α∂was␈α∂trying␈α∞to␈α∂make␈α∂behave␈α∂intelligently.␈α∂ The␈α∂idea␈α∂that␈α∂a␈α∞scientist
␈↓ α∧␈↓would␈α∂prepare␈α∂his␈α∂papers␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∂computer␈α∞and␈α∂would␈α∂keep␈α∂both␈α∂drafts␈α∂being␈α∂worked␈α∂on␈α∞and
␈↓ α∧␈↓finished␈α∪papers␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪machine␈α∪was␈α∀also␈α∪present.␈α∪ The␈α∪first␈α∪on-line␈α∪editor␈α∀program,␈α∪called
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓↓Expensive Typewriter␈↓ was developed about 1960.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTToday␈α∂time-sharing␈α∂is␈α∞well␈α∂developed,␈α∂and␈α∞inexpensive␈α∂stand-alone␈α∂computers␈α∂also␈α∞exist.
␈↓ α∧␈↓The␈α∩stand-alones␈α∩are␈α∩cost-effective␈α∩for␈α∩preparing␈α∩documents,␈α∩but␈α∩they␈α∩don't␈α∩have␈α∩the␈α∩fancy
␈↓ α∧␈↓printing or large file storage or communication features of the time-sharing systems.